Anesthetic binding in a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel: GLIC

Cys-loop receptors are molecular targets of general anesthetics, but the knowledge of anesthetic binding to these proteins remains limited. Here we investigate anesthetic binding to the bacterial Gloeobacter violaceus pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC), a structural homolog of cys-loop receptors, using an experimental and computational hybrid approach. Tryptophan fluorescence quenching experiments showed halothane and thiopental binding at three tryptophan-associated sites in the extracellular (EC) domain, transmembrane (TM) domain, and EC-TM interface of GLIC. An additional binding site at the EC-TM interface was predicted by docking analysis and validated by quenching experiments on the N200W GLIC mutant. The binding affinities (K(D)) of 2.3 ± 0.1 mM and 0.10 ± 0.01 mM were derived from the fluorescence quenching data of halothane and thiopental, respectively. Docking these anesthetics to the original GLIC crystal structure and the structures relaxed by molecular dynamics simulations revealed intrasubunit sites for most halothane binding and intersubunit sites for thiopental binding. Tryptophans were within reach of both intra- and intersubunit binding sites. Multiple molecular dynamics simulations on GLIC in the presence of halothane at different sites suggested that anesthetic binding at the EC-TM interface disrupted the critical interactions for channel gating, altered motion of the TM23 linker, and destabilized the open-channel conformation that can lead to inhibition of GLIC channel current. The study has not only provided insights into anesthetic binding in GLIC, but also demonstrated a successful fusion of experiments and computations for understanding anesthetic actions in complex proteins.