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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...

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How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children
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How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children

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Acid-base disorders in critically ill neonates.

S Lekhwani1, V Shanker, G Gathwala

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine : Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine
|September 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metabolic acidosis is common in neonates with serious illnesses like birth asphyxia. High lactate levels indicate severe illness and predict mortality in these infants.

Keywords:
Blood gas analysismetabolic acidosisplasma lactate

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Critical Care
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Acid-base imbalance is a critical concern in neonates with various pediatric diseases.
  • Common conditions include sepsis, bronchopneumonia, diarrhea, and birth asphyxia, often presenting in emergency settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of acid-base disorders in neonates with common pediatric diseases.
  • To evaluate the role of plasma lactate in assessing metabolic acidosis and predicting mortality.

Main Methods:

  • An observational study involving 50 neonates (0-1 month) in a tertiary care hospital's emergency room.
  • Analysis included blood gas, electrolytes, plasma lactate, and plasma albumin levels.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic acidosis was the most frequent acid-base disorder, with hyperlactatemia in over half of affected neonates.
  • Birth asphyxia showed the highest mortality, followed by bronchopneumonia and sepsis.
  • A significant correlation was found between critical lactate values and mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Birth asphyxia with elevated lactate levels significantly impacts acid-base status in neonates.
  • Plasma lactate measurement is crucial for diagnosing metabolic acidosis and predicting mortality in critically ill neonates.