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Alterations in Respiration II

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There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...

Respiratory System Abnormal Finding I: Inspection and Percussion

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During an inspection, several findings may suggest the presence of respiratory distress or disease. Pursed-lip breathing, where exhalation is slowed by...

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

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Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Dual Test Gas Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity Measurement During Exercise in Humans Using the Single-Breath Method

Dual Test Gas Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity Measurement During Exercise in Humans Using the Single-Breath Method

Published on: February 2, 2024

[Unusual cause for a dyspnea.].

Mathilde Gavillet¹, G Maillard Dewarrat, S Petitpierre

¹Service de médecine interne, Département de médecine interne, CHUV, Lausanne. Mathilde.Gavillet@chuv.ch

|September 23, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Late onset systemic lupus erythematosus can manifest as hemolytic anemia and pleuritis. This case highlights key features, diagnosis, and management of this autoimmune condition, focusing on hematologic and pulmonary aspects.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Dual Test Gas Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity Measurement During Exercise in Humans Using the Single-Breath Method

Dual Test Gas Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity Measurement During Exercise in Humans Using the Single-Breath Method

Published on: February 2, 2024

Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Internal Medicine
Hematology

Background:

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with diverse clinical manifestations.
Late-onset SLE (LO-SLE), typically diagnosed after age 50, presents unique diagnostic challenges.
Hematologic and pulmonary involvement are common but can be the initial presenting features in LO-SLE.

Observation:

A case of a patient with late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus is presented.
The patient initially presented with symptomatic hemolytic anemia and pleuritis.
These hematologic and pulmonary findings were the primary indicators of underlying SLE.

Findings:

The diagnosis of LO-SLE was established based on clinical presentation and serological markers.
Hemolytic anemia was characterized by immune-mediated red blood cell destruction.
Pleuritis indicated significant serosal inflammation affecting the lungs.

Implications:

This case underscores the importance of considering LO-SLE in elderly patients with unexplained hematologic and pulmonary symptoms.
Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for improving prognosis in LO-SLE.
Understanding the specific manifestations, such as hemolytic anemia and pleuritis, aids in timely intervention and patient care.