Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Surface Integrals of Vector Fields: Flux01:22

Surface Integrals of Vector Fields: Flux

Understanding the movement of air masses is fundamental to meteorological analysis and atmospheric modeling. A key component in this process is quantifying the total mass of air that flows into or out of a defined region over a specified period of time. This is achieved by evaluating the mass flux across a boundary surface, a conceptual tool that simplifies the complex dynamics of atmospheric systems.To begin, an imaginary boundary surface S is introduced, enclosing the region of interest. The...
Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Pressure and Volume in an Adiabatic Process01:27

Pressure and Volume in an Adiabatic Process

Free expansion of a gas is an adiabatic process. However, there are few differences between free expansion and adiabatic expansion. During free expansion, no work is done, and there is no change in internal energy. But, for an adiabatic expansion, work is done, and there is a change in internal energy. During an adiabatic process, the relation between the pressure and volume is obtained from the condition for the adiabatic process, that is,
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hartmann characterization of the PEEM-3 aberration-corrected X-ray photoemission electron microscope.

Ultramicroscopy·2018
Same author

Correlation-Driven Insulator-Metal Transition in Near-Ideal Vanadium Dioxide Films.

Physical review letters·2016
Same author

Tailoring the topology of an artificial magnetic skyrmion.

Nature communications·2014
Same author

Imaging the first-order magnetic transition in La0.35Pr0.275Ca0.375MnO3.

Physical review letters·2012
Same author

Soft x-ray scattering facility at the Advanced Light Source with real-time data processing and analysis.

The Review of scientific instruments·2012
Same author

Time-resolved demagnetization of Co2MnSi observed using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and an ultrafast streak camera.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2011
Same journal

Multifunctional reconfigurable terahertz metasurface based on vanadium dioxide phase transition: achieving broadband absorption and efficient polarization conversion.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

High-Q-factor electromagnetically induced transparency utilizing quasi-bound states in the continuum in an all-dielectric terahertz metasurface.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Automated stitching interferometry for high-precision metrology of X-ray mirrors.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Experimental demonstration of an approach to designing a metal-dielectric DBR resonant cavity structure.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

High-precision wavefront reconstruction from a single-shot interferogram using a physics-driven hybrid feature calibration network.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Ultra-high-Q Fano resonance based on coupled topological corner states in Kagome photonic crystals.

Applied optics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
13:27

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Published on: June 8, 2015

Air mass and refraction.

A T Young

    Applied Optics
    |September 24, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study provides simple formulas for calculating optical air mass based on the true zenith angle. These approximations are useful for atmospheric and astronomical applications.

    More Related Videos

    Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces
    10:21

    Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

    Published on: July 26, 2016

    Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data
    09:55

    Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

    Published on: December 12, 2013

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

    Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
    13:27

    Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

    Published on: June 8, 2015

    Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces
    10:21

    Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

    Published on: July 26, 2016

    Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data
    09:55

    Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

    Published on: December 12, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric optics
    • Radiative transfer

    Background:

    • Optical air mass is a crucial parameter in atmospheric science and astronomy.
    • Accurate calculation of air mass is essential for modeling light propagation through the atmosphere.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop approximate formulas for relative optical air mass.
    • To express air mass as a function of the true zenith angle, simplifying calculations.

    Main Methods:

    • Derivation of approximate formulas for optical air mass.
    • Utilizing the true zenith angle instead of the refracted zenith angle.

    Main Results:

    • Presented approximate formulas for relative optical air mass.
    • Formulas are based on the true zenith angle.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed formulas offer a practical method for estimating optical air mass.
    • These approximations are valuable for various atmospheric and astronomical applications.