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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Metabolic Rate01:25

Metabolic Rate

The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) measures the energy expended at rest.
Several factors influence the...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice
14:26

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

Published on: April 7, 2014

Metabolic implications of menopause.

Hanah N Polotsky1, Alex J Polotsky

  • 1Weill-Cornell Medical Center and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, USA. hpolotsky@yahoo.com

Seminars in Reproductive Medicine
|September 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Menopause significantly increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in women. Lifestyle interventions can help manage weight gain and metabolic changes during this transition.

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An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice
14:26

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

Published on: April 7, 2014

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Metabolic syndrome incidence rises during perimenopause and early menopause.
  • Postmenopausal women face increased risks of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
  • Menopause's independent contribution to metabolic decline versus aging is a key research question.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review metabolic changes during menopausal transition.
  • To focus on alterations in weight, body fat distribution, and energy expenditure.
  • To examine changes in circulating biomarkers, including adipokines.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on metabolic changes during menopausal transition.
  • Analysis of studies investigating weight gain, abdominal adiposity, and energy expenditure.
  • Examination of research on biomarkers such as adipokines and their relation to metabolic syndrome.

Main Results:

  • Menopausal transition is linked to average weight gain and increased abdominal adiposity.
  • Decreased energy expenditure accompanies menopausal changes, potentially explaining metabolic syndrome risk.
  • Hypertension and diabetes prevalence increase with age, necessitating timely diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Menopause transition significantly impacts metabolic health, increasing cardiovascular disease risk factors.
  • Lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, are crucial for preventing adverse metabolic changes.
  • Accurate cardiovascular risk prediction in midlife women is vital for targeted intervention strategies.