Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Reconstruction of Signal using Interpolation

Reconstruction of Signal using Interpolation

Signal processing techniques are essential for accurately converting continuous signals to digital formats and vice versa. When a continuous signal is sampled with a period T, the resulting sampled signal exhibits replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain, spaced at intervals equal to the sampling frequency. To handle this sampled signal, a zero-order hold method can be applied, which creates a piecewise constant signal by retaining each sample's value until the next sampling...

Basic Operations on Signals

Basic Operations on Signals

Basic signal operations include time reversal, time scaling, time shifting, and amplitude transformations. These operations are fundamental in signal processing and analysis.
Time Reversal mirrors a continuous-time signal about the vertical axis at t=0. This is achieved by substituting t with −t. For example, if a signal x(t) is considered, the time-reversed signal is x(−t). This operation can be graphically represented, showing the mirrored signal.

Small-Signal Analysis of BJT Amplifiers

Small-Signal Analysis of BJT Amplifiers

Small signal analysis is a fundamental approach used in electronics to understand how a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) amplifier processes signals. In the active region, the BJT is designed for linear amplification. The transistor's behavior under these conditions is governed by its instantaneous base-emitter voltage VBE, a sum of the DC bias VBE, and a small AC signal VBE, resulting in the collector current iC. Here, the collector current has a DC component and an AC component.

Signal Flow Graphs

Signal Flow Graphs

Signal-flow graphs offer a streamlined and intuitive approach to representing control systems, providing an alternative to traditional block diagrams. These graphs use branches to symbolize systems and nodes to represent signals, effectively illustrating the relationships and interactions within the system.
In a signal-flow graph, branches denote the system's transfer functions, while nodes represent the signals. The direction of signal flow is indicated by arrows, with the corresponding...

Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Amplifiers

Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Amplifiers

In small-signal analysis, a MOSFET transistor amplifier acts as a linear amplifier when operating in its saturation region. The gate-to-source voltage (VGS) of the MOSFET is the sum of the DC biasing voltage and the small time-varying input signal. This combination sets up the operating point and modulates the drain current (ID) that flows from the drain to the source. When a small AC signal is superimposed on the DC bias voltage at the gate, the instantaneous drain current comprises three...

Instrumentation Amplifier

Instrumentation Amplifier

An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
To overcome this challenge, an ECG machine utilizes an instrumentation amplifier. This specialized amplifier is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Stimulus duration encoding occurs early in the moth olfactory pathway.

Communications biology·2024

Same author

Estimation of firing rate from instantaneous interspike intervals.

Neuroscience research·2024

Same author

Shared input and recurrency in neural networks for metabolically efficient information transmission.

PLoS computational biology·2024

Same author

Spike frequency adaptation facilitates the encoding of input gradient in insect olfactory projection neurons.

Bio Systems·2022

Same author

A simple neuronal model with intrinsic saturation of the firing frequency.

Bio Systems·2022

Same author

Variability and Randomness of the Instantaneous Firing Rate.

Frontiers in computational neuroscience·2021

Same journal

Tension on dsDNA bound to ssDNA-RecA filaments may play an important role in driving efficient and accurate homology recognition and strand exchange.

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

Same journal

Publisher's Note: Amplitude-phase coupling drives chimera states in globally coupled laser networks [Phys. Rev. E 91, 040901(R) (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

Same journal

Erratum: Shapes of sedimenting soft elastic capsules in a viscous fluid [Phys. Rev. E 92, 033003 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

Same journal

Erratum: Attenuation of excitation decay rate due to collective effect [Phys. Rev. E 90, 022142 (2014)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

Same journal

Publisher's Note: Role of connectivity and fluctuations in the nucleation of calcium waves in cardiac cells [Phys. Rev. E 92, 052715 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

Same journal

Publisher's Note: Lattice Boltzmann approach for complex nonequilibrium flows [Phys. Rev. E 92, 043308 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

High-precision Electromagnetic Flowmeter with Empty Pipe Detection via Complex Programmable Logic Device-based Waveform Recognition

High-precision Electromagnetic Flowmeter with Empty Pipe Detection via Complex Programmable Logic Device-based Waveform Recognition

Published on: June 27, 2025

Information transfer for small-amplitude signals.

Lubomir Kostal¹, Petr Lansky

¹Institute of Physiology AS CR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|September 28, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Optimal information transfer in systems with memory relies on maximizing signal variance and using the Fisher information matrix for correlation structure. This applies to biological systems and neural coding efficiency.

More Related Videos

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

Published on: April 4, 2017

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

Published on: April 9, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

High-precision Electromagnetic Flowmeter with Empty Pipe Detection via Complex Programmable Logic Device-based Waveform Recognition

High-precision Electromagnetic Flowmeter with Empty Pipe Detection via Complex Programmable Logic Device-based Waveform Recognition

Published on: June 27, 2025

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

Published on: April 4, 2017

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

Published on: April 9, 2021

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Information Theory
Computational Biology

Background:

Understanding information transfer in biological systems is crucial for deciphering neural coding.
Systems with memory exhibit complex dynamics that influence signal processing.
The low signal-to-noise ratio regime presents challenges for accurate information transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the optimality conditions for information transfer in systems with memory under low signal-to-noise ratios.
To identify key parameters governing efficient information processing in such systems.
To explore the implications for neural coding and biological systems.

Main Methods:

Analysis of information transfer using mutual information.
Investigation in the low signal-to-noise ratio regime with vanishing input amplitude.
Utilizing the Fisher information matrix to define signal correlation structure.

Main Results:

Optimal mutual information is achieved by maximizing the variance of the signal time course.
The correlation structure of the signal is determined by the Fisher information matrix.
A biologically inspired model of an electrosensory neuron was used for illustration.

Conclusions:

The study provides a general framework for understanding information transfer optimality in systems with memory.
Findings are applicable to single neurons under weak stimulation, offering insights into coding efficiency.
The results have broad implications for neuroscience and the study of biological information processing.