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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System
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Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System

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Stimulus duration encoding occurs early in the moth olfactory pathway.

Tomas Barta1,2,3, Christelle Monsempès4, Elodie Demondion4

  • 1Department of Sensory Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Route de Saint Cyr, Versailles, 78000, France. tomas.barta@oist.jp.

Communications Biology
|October 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Moth olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) use spike frequency adaptation to encode odor duration, enabling navigation in turbulent environments. This mechanism is receptor-independent but fails for short odor pulses.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroethology
  • Sensory Neuroscience
  • Insect Behavior

Background:

  • Insects use pheromones for communication and navigation.
  • Recognizing odor plume structure, including onsets and offsets, is crucial for insects in turbulent environments.
  • Mechanisms for coding odor offset remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the neural coding mechanisms underlying odor offset recognition in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs).
  • Determine if odor offset coding is receptor-dependent.
  • Understand the physiological constraints on odor offset coding and their behavioral relevance.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a device for sharp pheromone pulse delivery.
  • Measured response dynamics of pheromone-tuned ORNs in male moths and Drosophila.
  • Utilized a linear-nonlinear model to analyze neural computations.
  • Expressed moth pheromone receptors in Drosophila ORNs.

Main Results:

  • Moth ORNs exhibit concentration-invariant stimulus duration encoding via spike frequency adaptation at two timescales.
  • Drosophila cVA-sensitive ORNs cannot encode odor-off events, reflecting their limited need for plume statistics.
  • Odor offset coding in moth ORNs is receptor-independent.
  • Stimulus-offset coding in moth ORNs fails for odor whiffs shorter than 200 ms.

Conclusions:

  • Spike frequency adaptation in moth ORNs underlies odor offset coding, crucial for navigating pheromone plumes.
  • Odor offset coding is a receptor-independent neuronal mechanism.
  • The 200 ms physiological limit for odor offset coding in moths correlates with behavioral responses to pheromone loss.