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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
Published on: February 4, 2017
Ionization penalty in nonlinear optical bioimaging
1Physics Department, International Laser Center, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob'evy gory, Moscow 119992, Russia.
Abstract:
The noninvasiveness of nonlinear optical imaging techniques is quantified in terms of the number of free electron generated in the laser-tissue interaction region per photon emitted into the nonlinear optical signal. For a broad variety of biomarker dyes and bioactivity reporter proteins, this ratio is shown to approach a critical value of unity for field intensities above 1 TW/cm2. Closed-form analytical expressions for the ionization penalty function and the critical pulse repetition rate are derived for few-cycle laser pulses.
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