Near-critical phase explosion promoting breakdown plasma ignition during laser ablation of graphite

Removal rate, air shock, and ablative recoil pressure parameters were measured as a function of laser intensity I(peak) during nanosecond laser ablation of graphite. Surface vaporization of molten graphite at low intensities I(peak)<0.15 GW/cm(2) was observed to transform into its near-critical phase explosion (intense homogeneous boiling) at the threshold intensity I(PE)≈0.15 GW/cm(2) in the form of a drastic, correlated rise of removal rate, air shock, and ablative recoil pressure magnitudes. Just above this threshold (I(peak)≥0.25 GW/cm(2)), the explosive mass removal ended up with saturation of the removal rate, much slower increase of the air and recoil pressure magnitudes, and appearance of a visible surface plasma spark. In this regime, the measured far-field air shock pressure amplitude exhibits a sublinear dependence on laser intensity (∝I(peak)(4/9)), while the source plasma shock pressure demonstrates a sublinear trend (∝I(peak)(3/4)), both indicating the subcritical character of the plasma. Against expectations, in this regime the plasma recoil pressure increases versus I(peak) superlinearly (∝I(peak)(1.1)), rather than sublinearly (∝I(peak)(3/4)), with the mentioned difference related to the intensity-dependent initial spatial plasma dimensions within the laser waist on the graphite surface and to the plasma formation time during the heating laser pulse (overall, the pressure source effect). The strict coincidence of the phase explosion, providing high (kbar) hydrodynamic pressures of ablation products, and the ignition of ablative laser plasma in the carbon plume may indicate the ablative pressure-dependent character of the underlying optical breakdown at the high plume pressures, initiating the plasma formation. The experimental data evidence that the spatiotemporal extension of the plasma in the laser plume and ambient air during the heating laser pulse is supported by fast lateral electron and radiative heat conduction (laser-supported combustion wave regime), rather than by propagation of a strong shock wave (laser-supported detonation wave regime).