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Related Concept Videos

Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals
07:03

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Polarization-modulated rectification at ferroelectric surfaces.

Weida Wu1, J R Guest, Y Horibe

  • 1Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA. wdwu@physics.rutgers.edu

Physical Review Letters
|September 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nanoscale electric conduction in ferroelectric HoMnO3 is controlled by domain polarization. This finding enables visualization of ferroelectric domains for potential use in memory readout and sensor applications.

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Published on: February 23, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Ferroelectric materials like HoMnO3 exhibit spontaneous electric polarization.
  • Understanding nanoscale electric conduction in ferroelectrics is crucial for device applications.
  • Domain structure significantly influences material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between ferroelectric domain polarization and nanoscale electric conduction.
  • To visualize ferroelectric domain structures using electric conduction measurements.
  • To explore potential applications in non-destructive readout and sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Correlating room temperature conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) with low temperature electrostatic force microscopy (EFM).
  • Analyzing conductance spectra at varying electric biases.
  • Imaging the same sample region with both techniques.

Main Results:

  • Nanoscale electric conduction is intrinsically modulated by ferroelectric domain polarization.
  • Low bias conduction follows a polarization-induced Schottky-like rectification.
  • High bias conduction is dominated by a space-charge limited mechanism.
  • Ferroelectric domain structure was visualized via electric conduction.

Conclusions:

  • Electric conduction provides a method for visualizing ferroelectric domain structures.
  • The findings suggest potential for non-destructive readout of nanoscale ferroelectric memories.
  • This technique may be applicable to the development of novel ferroelectric sensors.