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Related Concept Videos

Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

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Temperature-dependent magnetoelectric effect from first principles.

Maxim Mostovoy1, Andrea Scaramucci, Nicola A Spaldin

  • 1Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, The Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters
|September 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Nonrelativistic interactions drive a strong linear magnetoelectric effect in antiferromagnets at high temperatures. This finding offers a new pathway for designing advanced magnetoelectric materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Quantum magnetism

Background:

  • The linear magnetoelectric effect couples electric and magnetic properties.
  • Existing models often rely on relativistic effects or low temperatures.
  • Understanding nonrelativistic contributions is crucial for broader applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate nonrelativistic mechanisms for the linear magnetoelectric effect.
  • To develop a first-principles method for calculating temperature-dependent magnetoelectric susceptibilities.
  • To demonstrate the significance of exchange interactions and spin fluctuations.

Main Methods:

  • Combining symmetry arguments, ab initio calculations, and Monte Carlo simulations.
  • Developing a theoretical framework applicable at elevated temperatures.
  • Applying the method to the specific material chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3).

Main Results:

  • Nonrelativistic exchange interactions and spin fluctuations induce a significant linear magnetoelectric effect.
  • This effect can surpass relativistic contributions by over an order of magnitude at higher temperatures.
  • The theoretical predictions for Cr2O3 show excellent quantitative agreement with experimental data.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated temperature magnetoelectric effects in collinear antiferromagnets are significantly influenced by nonrelativistic phenomena.
  • The developed computational approach provides a reliable tool for predicting and designing magnetoelectric materials.
  • This work opens new avenues for utilizing antiferromagnets in advanced electronic devices.