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Related Concept Videos

Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay
06:07

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay

Published on: June 7, 2020

Phytoestrogens and bone health.

Violet S Lagari1, Silvina Levis

  • 1Endocrinology Section, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|September 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Soy foods show potential skeletal benefits in Asian women, but clinical trials on phytoestrogens yield conflicting results for bone health. Evidence does not consistently support soy for preventing bone loss or fractures.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Bone Biology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Soy foods and supplements containing phytoestrogens are increasingly consumed globally.
  • Understanding their impact on skeletal health is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epidemiological studies and clinical trials on the skeletal effects of soy.
  • To assess the efficacy of soy isoflavones in bone health.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of epidemiological data.
  • Analysis of clinical trial outcomes regarding bone mineral density and bone turnover markers.

Main Results:

  • Epidemiological studies suggest skeletal benefits in Asian women with typical diets.
  • Clinical trials show conflicting results on bone mineral density and turnover markers in various menopausal groups.
  • Discrepancies attributed to study design, phytoestrogen type/dose, and participant demographics.

Conclusions:

  • Inconsistent data do not support a protective effect of soy against bone loss in Western women.
  • Conflicting evidence necessitates caution when considering isoflavones for fracture prevention.