Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice
Published on: May 23, 2021
[Cardiotocography in fetal heart arrhythmia--analysis of cases]
Anita Hamela-Olkowska1, Joanna Szymkiewicz-Dangel, Ewa Romejko-Wolniewicz
1II Katedra i Klinika Połoznictwa i Ginekologii, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Warszawa. anita.hamela@gmail.com
Cardiotocography (CTG) is routinely used in obstetric units to monitor fetal well-being during pregnancy and labor Nevertheless the use of CTG is limited in cases of fetal arrhythmia, because it truncates the FHR if faster than 210 bpm and slower than 50 bpm. In fetal arrhythmias, with the heart rate between 50 bpm and 210 bpm, CTG may be nonconclusive, difficult to interpret and should not be taken into consideration when making the decision to end the pregnancy especially when it is premature. Until now the usefulness of CTG in the fetal arrhythmia has not been sufficiently described. The following study evaluates typical cases of fetal arrhythmia diagnosed by fetal echocardiography with corresponding cardiotocography and reviews the decision that had been made in each case.
Cardiotocography (CTG) is routinely used in obstetric units to monitor fetal well-being during pregnancy and labor Nevertheless the use of CTG is limited in cases of fetal arrhythmia, because it truncates the FHR if faster than 210 bpm and slower than 50 bpm. In fetal arrhythmias, with the heart rate between 50 bpm and 210 bpm, CTG may be nonconclusive, difficult to interpret and should not be taken into consideration when making the decision to end the pregnancy especially when it is premature. Until now the usefulness of CTG in the fetal arrhythmia has not been sufficiently described. The following study evaluates typical cases of fetal arrhythmia diagnosed by fetal echocardiography with corresponding cardiotocography and reviews the decision that had been made in each case.
Related Concept Videos
Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias
Electrocardiogram
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...
Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias
Types of Arrhythmias
Sinus Node Arrhythmias
Sinus Bradycardia: Originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus bradycardia involves slower impulses, resulting in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). Causes include sleep, vagal stimulation, beta-blockers, hypothyroidism, and...
Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

