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Biofuels

Biofuels

The microbial conversion of organic matter into biofuels holds potential as a renewable energy source. Among biofuel sources, microalgae are recognized as a highly efficient and adaptable feedstock for biodiesel production, owing to their rapid biomass accumulation, elevated lipid productivity, and capacity to proliferate in diverse aquatic systems, including freshwater, marine, and wastewater habitats. Unlike terrestrial crops, microalgae do not compete for land and can achieve significantly...

Batteries and Fuel Cells

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

Energy Basics

Energy Basics

Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.

Fates of Pyruvate

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis directly...

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis directly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Published on: December 25, 2016

Fuels for transportation.

Bertil B Fredholm¹, Bengt Nordén

¹Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. bertil.fredholm@ki.se

|September 30, 2010

Summary

Reducing fossil fuel use in transportation is crucial due to dwindling resources and climate change. This article explores electric cars and the battery technology needed to support this shift, addressing the concept of peak oil.

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Energy Policy
Transportation Engineering

Background:

Growing concerns over climate change necessitate a reduction in fossil fuel consumption.
The concept of peak oil highlights the finite nature of accessible fossil fuel reserves.
Current transportation heavily relies on fossil fuels, contributing to environmental degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

To present practical strategies for reducing fossil fuel use in transportation.
To introduce electric cars as a viable alternative to fossil fuel-powered vehicles.
To examine the role and advancements of battery technology in supporting electric vehicle adoption.

Main Methods:

Review of British commission reports on transport energy reduction.

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Published on: March 6, 2016

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Published on: September 2, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

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Published on: December 25, 2016

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 6, 2016

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Published on: September 2, 2016

Analysis of the 'peak oil' concept and its implications.

Exploration of current and future battery technologies for electric vehicles.

Main Results:

Electric cars are a key component of strategies to reduce transport fossil fuel dependency.
Significant advancements in battery technology are required to meet the demands of the transport sector.
The transition to electric transport is influenced by resource availability and climate imperatives.

Conclusions:

A transition to electric vehicles, supported by robust battery technology, is essential for sustainable transportation.
Addressing fossil fuel scarcity and climate change requires a multi-faceted approach including technological innovation.
Further research and development in battery technology are critical for the widespread adoption of electric transport.