Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Masking and Demasking Agents01:19

Masking and Demasking Agents

EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on the metal...
Subliminal Perception01:15

Subliminal Perception

Subliminal perception refers to the processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. Researchers study subliminal perception by presenting a stimulus, such as a word or image, very quickly, typically around 50 milliseconds. This rapid presentation is often followed by another stimulus, such as a pattern of dots or lines, which blocks further mental processing of the initial stimulus. As a result, if participants cannot identify the initial stimulus better...
Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination02:52

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

When a nucleophile and an alkyl halide react, nucleophilic substitution and β-elimination reactions compete to generate products.
The following factors can influence the mechanisms competing against each other:
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Duration of Dose-Effect Relationship01:14

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Duration of Dose-Effect Relationship

For drugs producing a quantal response, onset occurs when plasma concentration reaches a minimum effective level (Cmin). The drug's action duration depends on how long the plasma concentration remains above Cmin.Two primary factors influence this duration: dose size and the rate of drug removal from the action site. Both depend on the drug's redistribution to poorly perfused tissues and elimination processes. A larger dose promotes rapid onset and prolongs the effect's duration.Consider a...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Influence of Elimination Half-Life on Effect Duration01:23

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Influence of Elimination Half-Life on Effect Duration

Drug elimination from the body primarily occurs through metabolic and excretion pathways. Hepatic metabolism transforms lipophilic drugs into hydrophilic forms for excretion, typically via enzymatic processes classified as phase I (modification) and phase II (conjugation). Renal excretion eliminates drugs and metabolites through filtration and secretion in the kidneys. Impairment in liver or kidney function can hinder these processes, delaying drug clearance and extending the drug’s half-life.
SN1 Reaction: Kinetics02:05

SN1 Reaction: Kinetics

In an SN2 reaction, the reaction rate depends on both the type of nucleophile and the substrate. A hindered tertiary alkyl halide is practically inert to the SN2 mechanism despite using a strong nucleophile.
However, Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes, who studied the kinetics of various nucleophilic substitution reactions, noticed that a tertiary alkyl halide does undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a weak nucleophile. While studying the substitution...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Spatial structure triggers systematic foraging: Segmenting search displays leads to searching by segments.

Attention, perception & psychophysics·2026
Same author

The relation between the capacities of imagination and visual memory in the short term.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2025
Same author

Developing a taxonomy of hazards and hazard mitigation strategies for Motorised mobility scooter users.

Accident; analysis and prevention·2023
Same author

An Exploratory Investigation of Pupillometry As a Measure of Tinnitus Intrusiveness on a Test of Auditory Short-Term Memory.

Ear and hearing·2022
Same author

The Multiple Object Avoidance (MOA) task measures attention for action: Evidence from driving and sport.

Behavior research methods·2021
Same author

Search for a distressed swimmer in a dynamic, real-world environment.

Journal of experimental psychology. Applied·2021
Same journal

Human thermal sensitivity drifts at extreme temperatures.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2026
Same journal

Dynamic competition between selective attention and spatial prediction during visual search.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2026
Same journal

Encapsulation of the visual perception of social events from semantic priming.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2026
Same journal

Biasmapping: Idiosyncratic covert search in the vicinity of fixation.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2026
Same journal

What are you still waiting for? Fricative recognition shows encapsulated processing and is partially predicted by secondary cue reliance.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2026
Same journal

Eye movements reveal that drivers can predict the location of hazards in dynamic road scenes but gaze and awareness are dissociable.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets
08:45

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

Published on: December 5, 2014

How does target duration affect object substitution masking?

Angus Gellatly1, Michael Pilling, Wakefield Carter

  • 1Department of Psychology, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, England. agellatly@brookes.ac.uk

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
|September 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Object substitution masking (OSM) effects weaken with longer target durations. This suggests OSM is not solely based on initial visual processing but influenced by later attentional stages.

More Related Videos

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles
09:27

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Published on: August 25, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets
08:45

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

Published on: December 5, 2014

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles
09:27

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Published on: August 25, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception
  • Attention Studies

Background:

  • Object substitution masking (OSM) is a phenomenon where a target is masked by a surrounding, non-overlapping cue.
  • OSM effects are typically observed with brief visual search displays.
  • Previous research indicates reduced target report when the mask appears after the target.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if object substitution masking (OSM) occurs with extended search display durations and delayed cueing.
  • To determine if OSM is solely dependent on initial visual system responses to target onset.
  • To explore if OSM arises from the transition between pre-attentive and attentional representations.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted 5 experiments using visual search tasks.
  • Varied search display duration up to 830 ms.
  • Manipulated cueing of the target location, introducing delays.

Main Results:

  • Object substitution masking (OSM) strength decreased as target duration increased.
  • Delayed cueing did not maintain OSM effects with longer durations.
  • Findings suggest OSM is not solely tied to initial visual processing.

Conclusions:

  • Object substitution masking (OSM) is modulated by target duration.
  • The object individuation hypothesis may explain the observed decrease in OSM strength.
  • OSM likely involves later stages of visual processing, including attentional shifts.