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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Prehospital Thrombolysis: A Manual from Berlin
Published on: November 26, 2013
Annexin A2: a tissue plasminogen activator amplifier for thrombolytic stroke therapy
Xiang Fan1, Zhanyang Yu, Jianxiang Liu
1Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
Abstract:
Hemorrhagic transformation, incomplete reperfusion, neurotoxicity, and the short treatment time window comprise major challenges for thrombolytic therapy. Improving tissue plasminogen activator therapy has become one of the highest priorities in the stroke field. Recent efforts have been aimed at identifying new strategies that might enhance the thrombolytic efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator at the same time as reducing its associated complications related to hemorrhage and neurotoxicity. We believe that the combination of low-dose tissue plasminogen activator with recombinant annexin A2 (a tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen coreceptor) might constitute a promising approach. Our pilot study using a focal embolic stroke model in rats supports this hypothesis.
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