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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
13:41

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

HPV modulation of host immune responses.

L Feller1, N H Wood, R A G Khammissa

  • 1Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Oral Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, South Africa. lfeller@ul.ac.za

SADJ : Journal of the South African Dental Association = Tydskrif Van Die Suid-Afrikaanse Tandheelkundige Vereniging
|October 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Human papillomavirus (HPV) evades immune detection by hiding in basal cells and suppressing immunity. However, HPV-specific T cell responses can clear infections and prevent disease progression.

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Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
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13:56

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

Published on: July 18, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are common but often establish persistent infections due to the virus's ability to evade host immune responses.
  • HPV's life cycle confines it to basal epithelial cells, shielding it from immune surveillance during initial infection stages.
  • The virus employs multiple strategies to down-regulate innate and cell-mediated immunity, facilitating immune evasion and persistence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which HPV establishes persistent infections.
  • To understand the role of host immune responses in controlling HPV infection and preventing disease.
  • To explore factors influencing HPV persistence and associated oncogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HPV immunology and pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of viral protein expression patterns in different epithelial cell layers.
  • Examination of host immune cell interactions with HPV-infected cells.
  • Investigation of factors contributing to HPV immune evasion.

Main Results:

  • HPV infection elicits generally low-level immune responses due to its intracellular location and non-lytic nature.
  • Viral gene expression and DNA amplification are limited to suprabasal keratinocytes, where immune detection is more likely.
  • HPV actively suppresses innate and cell-mediated immunity, promoting viral persistence.
  • Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types correlates with increased risk of premalignancy and malignancy.

Conclusions:

  • Host immune responses to HPV are naturally limited, but HPV actively suppresses immunity to ensure persistence.
  • While the natural humoral response's efficacy is unclear, HPV-specific T cell responses are crucial for clearing established infections.
  • T cell immunity can prevent the progression of HPV-associated lesions and protect against reinfection.