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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...
Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are employed to...
Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...
Surface Active Agents01:27

Surface Active Agents

Surfactants, named for their behavior at interfaces, positively adsorb at the interfaces of two phases, reducing interfacial tension. Their versatility as emulsifiers, detergents, and foaming agents stems from this ability. Surfactants, often termed amphiphiles, share the property of amphipathy, with molecules having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. The hydrophilic part is called the head, and the hydrophobic part, including an elongated alkyl substituent, forms the tail.Surfactants...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight
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The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight

Published on: October 11, 2016

Impact of surface chemistry.

Gabor A Somorjai1, Yimin Li

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. somorjai@berkeley.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Molecular surface chemistry is crucial for advancements in catalysis, semiconductors, medicine, and nanotechnology. Innovations in surface instrumentation enable in situ studies of interfaces under reaction conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Materials science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Molecular surface chemistry underpins diverse technological applications.
  • Understanding interfaces at the molecular level is critical for innovation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the applications of molecular surface chemistry.
  • To review the evolution of surface chemistry at the molecular level.
  • To emphasize the role of in situ instrumentation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of molecular surface chemistry applications.
  • Analysis of surface chemistry evolution.
  • Discussion of in situ surface instrumentation.

Main Results:

  • Molecular surface chemistry is vital for heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor technology, medical technology, anticorrosion/lubricant technology, and nanotechnology.
  • Significant progress has been made in understanding surface chemistry at the molecular level.
  • Advanced instrumentation facilitates in situ studies of various interfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular surface chemistry is a key enabler of technological progress across multiple fields.
  • Continued development of in situ techniques is essential for future breakthroughs in surface science.