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The Nucleus

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation

Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation

Published on: September 14, 2011

Nucleus replacement device failure: a case report and biomechanical study.

Emily M Lindley¹, Sami Jaafar, Andriy Noshchenko

¹Department of Orthopaedics, The Spine Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA. emily.lindley@ucdenver.edu

|October 1, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A failed nucleus replacement device caused severe back pain. Biomechanical testing revealed the prosthetic disc nucleus (PDN) was abnormally stiff, potentially leading to device failure in spinal arthroplasty.

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation

Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation

Published on: September 14, 2011

Surgical Technique for the Implantation of a Biomimetic Artificial Intervertebral Disc in a Goat Animal Model

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Published on: October 10, 2025

Area of Science:

Spine surgery
Biomedical engineering
Orthopedics

Background:

Spine arthroplasty is an alternative to fusion for degenerative disc disease.
Nucleus replacement is an emerging surgical treatment.

Observation:

A patient experienced severe low back pain 15 months after prosthetic disc nucleus (PDN) implantation.
CT scans showed PDN subsidence and disc space collapse.

Findings:

The explanted PDN was significantly stiffer than healthy human lumbar nuclei.
Compression testing showed elevated stiffness values for the failed PDN.

Implications:

The excessive stiffness of the PDN may have contributed to its failure.
Further research is needed to understand PDN material properties and long-term outcomes.