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Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

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Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Surface Electromyographic Biofeedback as a Rehabilitation Tool for Patients with Global Brachial Plexus Injury Receiving Bionic Reconstruction

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[Subcutaneous emphysema of upper limb].

Mohammed Jafar¹, Thomas Michael Nissen-Juul Sørensen, Jens Kurt Johansen

¹Koge Sygehus, Ortopaedkirurgisk Afdeling, Denmark. flovem2@gmail.com

Ugeskrift for Laeger

|October 6, 2010

Summary

Subcutaneous emphysema in the upper limb has diverse causes, including infections and non-infective conditions. Proper diagnosis is crucial to ensure appropriate treatment and avoid complications.

Area of Science:

Medical Case Study
Diagnostic Imaging
Differential Diagnosis

Background:

Subcutaneous emphysema of the upper limb presents a diagnostic challenge.
Etiologies range from gas-producing microbial infections to various non-infective sources.

Observation:

A case of subcutaneous emphysema in the upper limb is presented.
The clinical presentation and diagnostic workup are detailed.

Findings:

The case highlights the importance of considering both infectious and non-infective etiologies.
Diagnostic modalities are essential for accurate etiological determination.

Implications:

Accurate diagnosis prevents inappropriate or delayed treatment of upper limb subcutaneous emphysema.

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Clinical reasoning is paramount in managing patients with this condition.