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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...

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Protein-based hybrid catalysts--design and evolution.

Valentin Köhler1, Yvonne M Wilson, Cheikh Lo

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.

Current Opinion in Biotechnology
|October 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial metalloenzymes combine metal catalysts with proteins for enantioselective transformations. Directed evolution and large-scale production are key to unlocking their full potential in catalysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and synthetic chemistry
  • Protein engineering and catalysis

Background:

  • Artificial metalloenzymes integrate non-native metal cofactors into protein scaffolds.
  • These hybrid catalysts offer unique opportunities for selective chemical transformations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in designing and optimizing artificial metalloenzymes.
  • To highlight strategies for large-scale production, screening, and directed evolution.
  • To explore the potential of artificial metalloenzymes in complementing existing catalytic methods.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing recent literature on artificial metalloenzyme design and optimization.
  • Discussing methods for enantioselective transformations using these catalysts.
  • Outlining a roadmap for en masse production, screening, and directed evolution.

Main Results:

  • Recent achievements in the design and optimization of artificial metalloenzymes for enantioselective reactions.
  • Identification of key milestones for the scalable production and evolution of these catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial metalloenzymes represent a powerful platform for developing novel catalytic systems.
  • Directed evolution strategies are crucial for maximizing the efficiency and scope of artificial metalloenzymes.
  • These hybrid catalysts hold promise for advancing both homogeneous and enzymatic catalysis.