Modulation of vascular sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase in cardiovascular pathophysiology

Endothelial dysfunction associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity is a major feature of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis or diabetes. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced relaxation is entirely dependent on cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and preserved in atherosclerosis, suggesting that smooth muscle response to NO donor is intact. However, NO gas activates both cGMP-dependent and -independent signal pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells, and oxidative stress associated with vascular diseases selectively impairs cGMP-independent relaxation to NO. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA), which regulates intracellular Ca(2+) levels by pumping Ca(2+) into store, is a major cGMP-independent target for NO. Physiological levels of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) S-glutathiolate SERCA at Cys674 to increase its activity, and the augmentation of RNS in vascular diseases irreversibly oxidizes Cys674 or nitrates tyrosine residues at Tyr296-Tyr297, which are associated with loss of function. S-glutathiolation of various proteins by NO can explain redox-sensitive cGMP-independent actions, and oxidative inactivation of target proteins for NO can be associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative inactivation of SERCA is also implicated with dysregulation of smooth muscle migration, promotion of platelet aggregation, and impairment of cardiac function, which can be implicated with restenosis, pathological angiogenesis, thrombosis, as well as heart failure. Analysis of posttranslational oxidative modifications of SERCA and the preservation of SERCA function can be novel strategies against cardiovascular diseases associated with oxidative stress.