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Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum
04:32

Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum

Published on: March 19, 2017

Allometry and evolution in the galago skull.

Matthew J Ravosa1, Ashley N Daniel, Destiny B Costley

  • 1Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA. ravosam@missouri.edu

Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology
|October 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Galago skull diversity arises from distinct growth patterns, not just size differences. Some species evolved unique feeding adaptations by modifying ancestral growth trajectories.

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Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum
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Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
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Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Published on: August 22, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Primatology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Galagos (bushbabies) exhibit significant morphological diversity.
  • Understanding the ontogenetic basis of this diversity is crucial for evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ontogenetic allometries of skull morphology across galagos.
  • To identify how growth patterns contribute to morphological variation and feeding adaptations.

Main Methods:

  • Clade-wide analysis of growth allometries using 564 adult and non-adult galago crania from 12 taxa.
  • Evaluation of skull form variation based on differential extension/truncation of ontogenetic patterns.
  • Use of scaling trajectories to identify adaptations in the feeding complex.

Main Results:

  • A pervasive pattern of ontogenetic scaling was observed for facial dimensions across galagids.
  • Two genera, Galago and Galagoides, share relative growth trajectories for masticatory proportions.
  • Derived jaw joint and muscle configurations in Otolemur and Euoticus facilitate increased gape for scraping behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Interspecific variation in galago skull form may result from character displacement and selection for size differentiation.
  • Specific genera show selection to uncouple shared ontogenetic patterns, retaining ancestral scaling through transpositions.
  • Exudativory in galagos does not appear to necessitate increased robusticity of mandibular elements.