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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

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[Hepatitis D: forgotten but not gone].

Darius Moradpour1, Francesco Negro

  • 1Service de gastro-entérologie et d'hépatologie, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne. Darius.Moradpour@chuv.ch

Revue Medicale Suisse
|October 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) for infection. Screening all HBV patients for HDV is crucial, as chronic HDV is severe and resurging in Europe.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a unique subviral agent dependent on hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) for its envelope.
  • HDV infection exclusively occurs in individuals already infected with HBV, leading to chronic hepatitis D, the most severe form of viral hepatitis.
  • A notable resurgence of chronic hepatitis D is occurring in Northern and Central Europe, primarily driven by immigration from high-prevalence regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the necessity of screening all hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive individuals for concurrent hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection.
  • To outline current therapeutic strategies and outcomes for chronic hepatitis D.
  • To highlight preventive measures for hepatitis D.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical guidelines regarding hepatitis D diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
  • Analysis of epidemiological trends, particularly the resurgence in Europe.
  • Evaluation of treatment efficacy, including pegylated interferon-alpha and liver transplantation.

Main Results:

  • Screening HBsAg-positive patients for HDV is recommended due to the severity and increasing prevalence of chronic hepatitis D.
  • Standard treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha yields sustained virological response rates of approximately 20% after at least one year.
  • Liver transplantation is indicated for patients with advanced cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma.

Conclusions:

  • Early screening and diagnosis of HDV in HBV-infected patients are essential for managing this severe liver disease.
  • Current treatment options offer limited sustained virological response, necessitating further research.
  • Preventive strategies for hepatitis D are identical to those for hepatitis B, underscoring the importance of HBV vaccination.