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Related Concept Videos

Production of Alcohol01:27

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...
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In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
Protection of Alcohols02:31

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Protection
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Bioreactor Controls-III01:22

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Strain improvement is a foundational strategy in industrial microbiology aimed at maximizing microbial productivity, particularly because natural isolates typically yield commercially valuable products in very low concentrations. Although optimizing the culture medium and environmental conditions can improve yields, these adjustments are inherently limited by the organism’s genetic potential. As a result, the focus shifts toward genetic modifications to enhance biosynthetic capacity. The...
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

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The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

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Techniques for the Evolution of Robust Pentose-fermenting Yeast for Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol
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Ethanol wet-bonding challenges current anti-degradation strategy.

F T Sadek1, R R Braga, A Muench

  • 1Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

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|October 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Chlorhexidine effectiveness in preventing hybrid layer degradation is compromised by water during dentin bonding. Biomimetic water replacement is key for long-term resin-dentin bond durability.

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Adhesive Dentistry

Background:

  • Chlorhexidine (CHX) is used as a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor to prevent hybrid layer degradation in dentin bonding.
  • Incomplete water removal during wet-bonding procedures may compromise CHX's long-term effectiveness.
  • The integrity of the hybrid layer is crucial for the longevity of resin-dentin bonds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that wet-bonding with water or ethanol does not affect chlorhexidine's efficacy in preventing hybrid layer degradation over 18 months.
  • To evaluate the influence of water or ethanol wet-bonding on the stability of resin-dentin bonds pre-treated with chlorhexidine diacetate (CHD).

Main Methods:

  • Acid-etched dentin was bonded using commercial adhesives under simulated pulpal pressure.
  • Wet-bonding was performed with water or ethanol, with or without prior chlorhexidine diacetate (CHD) treatment.
  • Bond strength and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) evaluations were conducted after 24 hours and after aging for 9 and 18 months in artificial saliva.

Main Results:

  • Bonds created using ethanol wet-bonding on saturated dentin showed no degradation over time, preserving hybrid layer integrity.
  • Bonds pre-treated with CHD and water wet-bonded showed preserved hybrid layer integrity at 9 months but severe degradation at 18 months.
  • The null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that water presence significantly impacts CHX effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • The long-term effectiveness of chlorhexidine as an MMP inhibitor is compromised by water during dentin bonding.
  • Biomimetic water replacement from collagen intrafibrillar spaces is proposed as a strategy to enhance the longevity of resin-dentin bonds.
  • Optimizing water management during bonding is critical for durable adhesive restorations.