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Related Concept Videos

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Activation of Integrins01:15

Activation of Integrins

Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding events provide an effective stimulus.
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Updated: May 16, 2026

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
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A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

Published on: March 22, 2012

Lipid signaling in T-cell development and function.

Yina H Huang1, Karsten Sauer

  • 1Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|October 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phosphoinositide metabolism generates key second messengers like inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate, crucial for T-cell signaling. These molecules, along with others, play vital roles in immune cell function and development.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
16:10

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Published on: March 22, 2012

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09:14

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Published on: June 13, 2014

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries
08:49

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries

Published on: January 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cellular signaling and immunology
  • Molecular biology and biochemistry

Background:

  • Second messenger molecules relay signals from cell surface receptors.
  • Phosphorylated D-myo-inositol derivatives, including phosphoinositide lipids and soluble inositol phosphates, are critical examples.
  • These molecules are integral to cellular communication and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the generation and roles of phosphoinositide-derived second messengers in T-cell development and function.
  • To highlight the significance of both soluble inositol phosphates and membrane-bound phosphoinositides.
  • To explore emerging roles of specific molecules like diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate (IP(4)).

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on phosphoinositide metabolism and second messenger function.
  • Analysis of the roles of key signaling molecules in T-cell biology.
  • Discussion of the interplay between different phosphoinositide derivatives.

Main Results:

  • Phosphoinositide metabolism yields crucial second messengers such as inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate.
  • Phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate, regulated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PTEN, and SHIP, is central to T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling.
  • Diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate (IP(4)) have demonstrated significant roles in immune cells.
  • Inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate acts as a soluble analog of phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate, influencing protein membrane recruitment.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphoinositide metabolism is a rich source of diverse second messengers vital for T-cell function.
  • Soluble inositol phosphates and phosphoinositide lipids act synergistically in cellular signaling pathways.
  • The intricate interplay between these molecules offers broad implications for understanding cellular communication in immune responses.