Analyzing RNA and DNA folding using temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) with application to in vitro...

Gel electrophoresis is a ubiquitous separation technique in nucleic acid biochemistry. Denaturing gel electrophoresis separates nucleic acids on the basis of length, while native gel electrophoresis separates nucleic acids on the basis of both shape and length. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), in which a temperature gradient is present across the gel, combines the advantages of denaturing and native gel electrophoresis by having native gel-like properties at low temperatures and denaturing gel-like properties at high temperatures. We describe here the techniques of perpendicular and parallel TGGE and some of their applications. Isolation of stable and unstable RNA and DNA sequences from combinatorial libraries is accomplished with TGGE-SELEX, while thermodynamic characterization of an RNA tertiary motif is performed by perpendicular TGGE-melts. Specific examples are chosen from the literature to illustrate the methods. TGGE provides a powerful biophysical approach for analyzing RNA and DNA that complements more traditional methodologies.