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Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry

Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are techniques that use antibodies to check for specific proteins or antigens in a sample. The technique was first published by Albert Coons in 1941 to detect the presence of pneumococcal antigen in tissue sections from mice infected with Pneumococcus. Immunocytochemistry helps localization of proteins or antigens in individual cells like blood cells, stem cells, etc., while immunohistochemistry does the same for tissue samples.
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Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Immunofluorescence Microscopy

A fluorescence microscope uses fluorescent chromophores called fluorochromes, which can absorb energy from a light source and then emit this energy as visible light. Fluorochromes include naturally fluorescent substances (such as chlorophylls) and fluorescent stains that are added to the specimen to create contrast. Dyes such as Texas red and FITC are examples of fluorochromes. Other examples include the nucleic acid dyes 4’,6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and acridine orange.
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Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...

Immunoprecipitation

Immunoprecipitation

Immunoprecipitation, or IP, is a widely used technique that employs protein-antibody interactions to isolate proteins or protein complexes in their native state for studying protein-protein interactions, quaternary structures, or supramolecular complexes. Various modifications of the technique, including chromatin IP, cross-linking IP, and fluorescence IP, are commonly used.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
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Standardized Processing for Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Cell Pellet Immunohistochemistry Controls

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Immunocytochemistry in dermatopathology : methodology.

S Raj¹, E Calonje, B S Bhogal

¹From St John's Institute of Dermatology (UMDS), St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

|October 16, 2010

Summary

Immunohistochemical staining methods are essential special stains for diagnosing skin conditions. This review explains immunoenzyme techniques for identifying tumors and autoimmune diseases.

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Area of Science:

Histopathology
Immunohistochemistry
Dermatology

Background:

Immunohistochemical staining is a fundamental technique in modern pathology.
These methods are crucial for diagnosing and understanding various skin diseases.
Their application spans from oncology to autoimmune conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

This review aims to elucidate immunoenzyme techniques.
It provides a comprehensive understanding of their utility in dermatopathology.

Main Methods:

Review of established immunohistochemical staining protocols.
Analysis of literature on immunoenzyme applications in skin pathology.

Main Results:

Immunohistochemistry serves as a versatile diagnostic tool.
It aids in classifying poorly differentiated tumors and diagnosing autoimmune disorders.
These techniques are integral to understanding disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

Immunohistochemical staining methods are indispensable in dermatopathology.
A thorough understanding of these immunoenzyme techniques is vital for accurate diagnosis and research.