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Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I01:26

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)
04:56

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)

Published on: July 14, 2023

Neonatal apnoea.

Steven Michael Sale1

  • 1Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK. Steven.sale@uhbristol.nhs.uk

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology
|November 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Premature infants are prone to breathing pauses (apnoea) due to immature respiratory control. Common treatments include CPAP and caffeine, while certain anesthetic techniques may reduce postoperative apnoea.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Anesthesiology
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Premature infants exhibit immature respiratory control, increasing susceptibility to apnoea, oxygen desaturation, and bradycardia.
  • Apnoea in neonates is classified as central, obstructive, or mixed based on respiratory effort.
  • Numerous perioperative factors can predispose infants to apnoea, including CNS lesions, infections, temperature instability, cardiac issues, metabolic disturbances, anemia, airway abnormalities, necrotizing enterocolitis, and drug administration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes, monitoring, complications, and management of neonatal apnoea, particularly in the perioperative context.
  • To discuss the evidence regarding short- and long-term complications of neonatal apnoea.
  • To highlight anesthetic strategies associated with a lower incidence of postoperative apnoea.

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A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia
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A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

Published on: October 11, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)
04:56

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)

Published on: July 14, 2023

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia
10:36

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

Published on: October 11, 2011

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and discussion of established monitoring techniques such as pulse oximetry and abdominal-pressure transduction.
  • Analysis of conditions predisposing to perioperative apnoea in premature infants.
  • Evaluation of current treatment modalities and anesthetic approaches.

Main Results:

  • The causal relationship between repeated neonatal apnoeas and their complications remains challenging to establish definitively.
  • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and caffeine therapy (up to 10 mg kg(-1)) are primary treatments for neonatal apnoea.
  • Less soluble volatile anesthetic agents and regional anesthesia without sedation are linked to reduced postoperative apnoea incidence.

Conclusions:

  • Neonatal apnoea is a multifactorial condition requiring careful monitoring and management.
  • While treatments like CPAP and caffeine are effective, understanding predisposing factors is crucial.
  • Anesthetic technique plays a significant role in mitigating postoperative apnoea in vulnerable infants.