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Related Concept Videos

Distribution of Molecular Speeds01:27

Distribution of Molecular Speeds

The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This predictable distribution of molecular speeds is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The distribution of molecular speeds in liquids is comparable to that of gases but not identical and can help to understand the phenomenon of the boiling and vapor pressure of a liquid. Consider that a molecule requires a...
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation00:57

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation

High-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC, is an analytical technique that separates liquid samples under high pressures. An HPLC instrument consists of glass bottles for storing solvents called mobile phase reservoirs. HPLC-grade solvents are used to maintain high purity, and the dissolved gases are removed using a degasser, such as a vacuum pumping system or sparging with helium. The solvents are then pumped into the analytical column using a screw-driven syringe or reciprocating pumps.
Capillary Electrophoresis: Instrumentation01:20

Capillary Electrophoresis: Instrumentation

Capillary electrophoresis instrumentation typically consists of several key components. A high-voltage power supply generates the electric field necessary for the separation by connecting to an anode (the positively charged electrode) and a cathode (the negatively charged electrode) located in buffer reservoirs at each end of the capillary tube. The system includes a sample vial, a fused silica capillary tube coated with polyimide for mechanical strength through which the sample components...
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
In HPLC, two phases play a critical role in the separation process:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Note: A helical velocity selector for continuous molecular beams.

Carola Szewc1, James D Collier, Hendrik Ulbricht

  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|November 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new helical velocity selector precisely isolates particle speeds in gas beams. This advanced device offers narrow velocity distributions and low vibrations, ideal for sensitive experiments.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic and Molecular Physics
  • Experimental Physics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Velocity selectors are crucial for controlling particle beam energies in experiments.
  • Traditional designs face limitations in stability, achievable velocities, and vibrational noise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a modern, high-performance helical velocity selector for gas phase particle beams.
  • To demonstrate its stable operation, tunable velocity selection, and low-noise characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • A classic helical velocity selector design was modernized and implemented.
  • The device was operated under high vacuum conditions with variable rotational frequencies.
  • Velocity distributions were characterized by their width at full-width-half-maximum (FWHM).

Main Results:

  • Stable operation achieved under high vacuum conditions.
  • Selective scanning over a broad velocity band is possible by tuning rotational frequency.
  • Selected velocity distributions exhibit a narrow FWHM (a few percent of mean velocity), independent of rotational speed.
  • Low vibrational noise amplitudes, comparable to advanced turbo-molecular pumps, were measured.

Conclusions:

  • The modernized helical velocity selector provides precise velocity control for particle beams.
  • Its low noise and high performance make it suitable for vibration-sensitive applications like molecule interferometry.