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Related Concept Videos

Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves01:22

Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves

The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a plane electromagnetic wave with E0 and B0 as the peak electric and magnetic fields and traveling along the x-axis, the time-varying energy flux can be given by the following equation:
Plane Electromagnetic Waves I01:30

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
The EM field is assumed to be a...
Plane Electromagnetic Waves II01:29

Plane Electromagnetic Waves II

Consider a plane wavefront traveling in position x-direction with a constant speed. This wavefront can be utilized to obtain the relationship between electric and magnetic fields with the help of Faraday's law.
Electromagnetic Waves01:30

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James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his theory predicted “Electromagnetic waves”. He brought together all the work that had been done by brilliant physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, encompass all the laws of electricity and...
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Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields are related to source charges, either static or moving. These fields act on a test charge, whose trajectory can thus be determined using suitable boundary conditions. The objective of electromagnetism is thus theoretically complete.
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Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
10:39

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Published on: October 11, 2016

Echelles: scalar, electromagnetic, and real-groove properties.

E Loewen, D Maystre, E Popov

    Applied Optics
    |November 2, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Electromagnetic theory reveals significant deviations in echelle-grating diffraction from scalar models. This study analyzes these differences, offering insights into echelle performance and potential measurement improvements.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Diffraction Gratings
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Scalar diffraction theory has been used for echelle gratings despite observed deviations.
    • Accurate modeling is crucial for high-performance spectroscopic instruments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate deviations of echelle-grating diffraction from scalar theory using electromagnetic principles.
    • To analyze the impact of various factors on echelle performance across different diffraction orders.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental measurements
    • Theoretical analysis based on electromagnetic theory
    • Numerical simulations for echelle gratings

    Main Results:

    • Detected significant deviations from scalar models, particularly concerning blaze position shifts and cut-off effects (Rayleigh anomalies).

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    Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

    Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
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    Published on: October 11, 2016

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    Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

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  • Blaze position shift decreases with wavelength-to-period ratio, with TE- and TM-plane responses merging.
  • Rayleigh anomalies are significant for high groove angles near the blaze order.

    • Conclusions:

    • Electromagnetic theory provides a more accurate description of echelle-grating behavior than scalar theory.
    • Understanding deviations is key to optimizing echelle design and performance.
    • Angular measurements offer a potential alternative for blaze angle evaluation.