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Fortune favors the bold (and the Italicized): effects of disfluency on educational outcomes
Connor Diemand-Yauman1, Daniel M Oppenheimer, Erikka B Vaughan
1Princeton University, Department of Psychology, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States.
Abstract:
Previous research has shown that disfluency--the subjective experience of difficulty associated with cognitive operations - leads to deeper processing. Two studies explore the extent to which this deeper processing engendered by disfluency interventions can lead to improved memory performance. Study 1 found that information in hard-to-read fonts was better remembered than easier to read information in a controlled laboratory setting. Study 2 extended this finding to high school classrooms. The results suggest that superficial changes to learning materials could yield significant improvements in educational outcomes.
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