Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
Schemas01:42

Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Examining micro-level natural behaviour to improve generalizability in behavioural science: a case study of parent-child joint attention.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same author

Natural visually guided behavior.

Brain research·2025
Same author

Approaches to understanding natural behavior.

Journal of vision·2025
Same author

Correction: Retinal motion statistics during natural locomotion.

eLife·2023
Same author

Retinal motion statistics during natural locomotion.

eLife·2023
Same author

Binocular vision and the control of foot placement during walking in natural terrain.

Scientific reports·2021
Same journal

Analysis of human visual experience data.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Pyramid-based Bayesian modeling for high-resolution behavioral analysis.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Sensation without perception: The white whale effect and perceptual blindness in autonomous vehicles.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Gaze behavior during closed-captioned movie viewing adapts to absent audio through more frequent switching between text and scene.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

In pursuit of saccade awareness: Limited volitional control and minimal conscious access to catch-up saccades during smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Dissociable effects of element-lifetime and stimulus-duration on local and global motion processing: An equivalent noise study.

Journal of vision·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing
07:48

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing

Published on: April 4, 2025

Gaze patterns in navigation: encoding information in large-scale environments.

Sahar N Hamid1, Brian Stankiewicz, Mary Hayhoe

  • 1Department of Psychology, Glyndwr University, United Kingdom. nadeem.sahar@gmail.com

Journal of Vision
|November 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that people focus on specific landmarks, especially at junctions, when learning to navigate. Removing these key visual cues significantly hinders navigation ability, highlighting their importance in spatial memory.

More Related Videos

Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise
06:17

Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise

Published on: January 26, 2024

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain
05:55

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Published on: October 13, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing
07:48

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing

Published on: April 4, 2025

Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise
06:17

Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise

Published on: January 26, 2024

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain
05:55

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Published on: October 13, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Navigation

Background:

  • Understanding how humans encode spatial information is crucial for navigation.
  • Visual cues, particularly object landmarks, play a significant role in spatial learning and memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of gaze behavior in encoding object landmarks during virtual large-scale environment navigation.
  • To identify visual information sampling strategies used by individuals during navigation learning.
  • To determine the impact of landmark salience, as indicated by gaze patterns, on navigational performance.

Main Methods:

  • Gaze behavior was monitored while participants learned to navigate a virtual environment.
  • Participants' knowledge of the environment was tested after selectively removing landmarks based on viewing frequency.
  • Performance was assessed by measuring the impact of landmark removal on navigation accuracy.

Main Results:

  • A consistent gaze sampling pattern was observed, with a preference for landmarks at hallway ends and T-junctions.
  • Removal of infrequently viewed landmarks had minimal impact on navigational performance.
  • Removal of frequently viewed landmarks, particularly those at choice points, significantly impaired navigation.

Conclusions:

  • Gaze patterns during learning effectively reveal selectively encoded information for navigation.
  • Landmarks at critical choice points (e.g., junctions) are preferentially selected and encoded due to their navigational importance.
  • This selective encoding of salient landmarks is fundamental to successful spatial memory and navigation.