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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification01:27

Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification

Adrenergic receptors, or adrenoceptors, respond to the autonomic neurotransmitter noradrenaline and other endogenous catecholamine agonists. They are classified into two main families, α and β, based on their pharmacological response and are further subdivided depending on their location, elicited response, and affinity to specific agonists or antagonists.
α-Adrenoceptors
α-Adrenoceptors are classified into two main subtypes: α1 and α2. The α1 adrenoceptors, which are found on postsynaptic...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors have equal affinities for...
Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic01:15

Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic

Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by acetylcholine and nicotine. Upon activation, they cause a rapid increase in the permeability of cells to K+, Na+, and Ca2+, followed by depolarization and excitation. They are in the autonomic ganglia, skeletal neuromuscular junction, CNS, and adrenal medulla.
There are two types of nicotinic receptors: neuromuscular (NM/NM/N1) and neuronal (NN/NN/N2). The two families differ based on their location and selectivity to...
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase C—inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate...
Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:27

Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
Synthesis: Catecholamine synthesis requires tyrosine, which is taken...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Measuring Nucleotide Binding to Intact, Functional Membrane Proteins in Real Time
08:33

Measuring Nucleotide Binding to Intact, Functional Membrane Proteins in Real Time

Published on: March 11, 2021

NAADP receptors.

Antony Galione1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom. antony.galione@pharm.ox.ac.uk

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|November 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) mobilizes calcium from acidic organelles via two-pore channels (TPCs). These TPCs regulate cellular functions by mediating local and global calcium release, impacting vesicular trafficking and plasma membrane excitability.

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Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
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Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Measuring Nucleotide Binding to Intact, Functional Membrane Proteins in Real Time
08:33

Measuring Nucleotide Binding to Intact, Functional Membrane Proteins in Real Time

Published on: March 11, 2021

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
11:01

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a potent calcium (Ca2+) mobilizing messenger.
  • Two-pore channels (TPCs) are a newly identified class of Ca2+ release channels.
  • TPCs are localized to acidic organelles, such as endolysosomes, and are implicated in Ca2+ signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of NAADP-mediated Ca2+ release from endolysosomal stores.
  • To discuss the function of TPCs as NAADP targets.
  • To highlight the emerging understanding of lysosomes in Ca2+ signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on NAADP and TPCs.
  • Discussion of identified roles and mechanisms of TPCs in Ca2+ signaling.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on endolysosomal Ca2+ mobilization.

Main Results:

  • NAADP is a potent Ca2+ messenger targeting TPCs on endolysosomes.
  • TPCs mediate local Ca2+ release for endolysosomal functions (e.g., fusion, trafficking).
  • TPCs can trigger global Ca2+ release via Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) and regulate plasma membrane excitability.

Conclusions:

  • NAADP-mediated Ca2+ release from endolysosomes is a widespread trigger for intracellular Ca2+ signaling.
  • TPCs are central to NAADP signaling and reveal the critical role of lysosomes in Ca2+ dynamics.
  • Understanding TPCs enhances insights into lysosomal function and cellular signaling pathways.