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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

Altered activation patterns within the olfactory network in Parkinson's disease.

Carolin Moessnang1, Gabriele Frank, Ulrich Bogdahn

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|November 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients exhibit olfactory network dysfunction, with hyperactivation in brain areas like the orbitofrontal cortex. This suggests complex neural network issues beyond initial olfactory bulb pathology.

More Related Videos

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Functional Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Olfactory impairment is a common early symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD).
  • Pathology is suspected in the olfactory bulb and mesolimbic brain areas.
  • Understanding olfactory network dysfunction in PD is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate olfactory network dysfunction in early-stage Parkinson's disease patients.
  • To analyze activation strength and time-course characteristics within the olfactory network.

Main Methods:

  • Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 Tesla.
  • 16 early-stage PD patients and 16 matched controls performed an odor detection task.
  • Analysis included whole-brain random effects and region of interest (ROI) analyses.

Main Results:

  • PD patients showed significant hyperactivation in piriform and orbitofrontal cortices compared to controls.
  • Orbitofrontal areas demonstrated impaired signal discrimination in PD patients.
  • Primary olfactory cortex maintained discriminatory ability in PD patients.

Conclusions:

  • Parkinson's disease involves complex olfactory network dysfunction extending beyond the olfactory bulb.
  • Functional neuroimaging reveals network dynamics in the degenerating brain.
  • Results highlight the contribution of fMRI in understanding PD-related neural changes.