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Related Concept Videos

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...

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Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications
16:20

Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

Published on: September 6, 2012

Hyperpolarized (131)Xe NMR spectroscopy.

Karl F Stupic1, Zackary I Cleveland, Galina E Pavlovskaya

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|November 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Hyperpolarized (131)Xe NMR achieved significant signal enhancement using spin-exchange optical pumping. This technique, crucial for studying xenon gas interactions, revealed pressure and surface dependencies in (131)Xe NMR spectra.

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Published on: September 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • Quantum Information Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) is a method to enhance nuclear spin polarization.
  • Hyperpolarized noble gases, like xenon, offer significantly increased NMR signal sensitivity.
  • (131)Xe is a spin I=3/2 isotope with unique properties, including a positive gyromagnetic ratio.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize the production of hyperpolarized (131)Xe using SEOP.
  • To investigate the gas-phase NMR properties of hyperpolarized (131)Xe, including relaxation and spectral characteristics.
  • To explore the influence of environmental factors like pressure, gas composition, and surfaces on (131)Xe NMR spectra.

Main Methods:

  • Spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) in a stopped-flow mode to produce hyperpolarized (131)Xe.
  • Rapid rubidium removal and transfer to a high magnetic field for NMR detection.
  • Gas-phase (131)Xe Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at 9.4 T.

Main Results:

  • Achieved up to 2.2% spin polarization for (131)Xe, resulting in a 5000-fold signal enhancement.
  • Observed significant dependence of SEOP polarization build-up on xenon partial pressure due to density-dependent relaxation.
  • Demonstrated surface, magnetic field, gas pressure, and composition-dependent quadrupolar splitting in (131)Xe NMR spectra.
  • Identified reduction in splitting by water vapor and differential line broadening indicating strong adsorption sites.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperpolarized (131)Xe is a viable tool for NMR studies, offering unique insights due to its quadrupolar nature.
  • Xenon-surface and gas-phase interactions significantly influence (131)Xe NMR spectral parameters.
  • The study provides a foundation for advanced applications of hyperpolarized (131)Xe NMR in various scientific fields.