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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

3.4K
The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
9.0K
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis
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Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis

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[Osteoarthritis].

Gunnar B Flugsrud1, Lars Nordsletten, Finn P Reinholt

  • 1Ortopedisk avdeling, Oslo universitetssykehus, Ullevål, 0407 Oslo, Norway. gunnar.flugsrud@ioks.uio.no

Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening : Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke
|November 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative joint disease causing pain and disability. While current treatments manage symptoms, preventive measures like weight loss and addressing mechanical issues are crucial for managing osteoarthritis.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Orthopedics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of chronic pain and functional disability, affecting over 50% of adults.
  • It is a degenerative joint disease impacting hips, hands, and knees, with higher prevalence in women and increasing with age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, pathology, and current treatment options for osteoarthritis.
  • To highlight the importance of preventive strategies and multidisciplinary management.

Main Methods:

  • Non-systematic literature search of PubMed.
  • Synthesis of authors' clinical experience in treating osteoarthritis patients.

Main Results:

  • Osteoarthritis involves joint degeneration, with multifactorial causes including mechanical (obesity, physical work) and potentially genetic factors.
  • Preventive strategies include weight reduction and surgical correction of deformities; treatments range from patient education and exercise to analgesics, NSAIDs, and joint replacement surgery.
  • Artificial joints significantly improve function and reduce pain for many patients with severe osteoarthritis.

Conclusions:

  • Current osteoarthritis treatments offer symptom relief but not a cure; prevention is key.
  • Effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach involving various medical specialties and treatment modalities.