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Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It primarily affects herbivorous animals but can be transmitted to humans through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation of spores.Cutaneous anthrax, the most common form, typically results from direct contact with bacterial spores through skin abrasions and is generally less severe. Gastrointestinal anthrax results from eating undercooked or contaminated meat. It affects the mouth, throat, or...
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Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
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Anthrax lethal and edema toxins produce different patterns of cardiovascular and renal dysfunction and

Daniel A Sweeney1, Xizhong Cui, Steven B Solomon

  • 1Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

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|November 12, 2010
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Anthrax toxins, edema toxin (ETx) and lethal toxin (LeTx), cause distinct physiological changes. Understanding these differences is crucial for developing effective treatments and potential toxin antagonists for anthrax shock.

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Animal Models

Background:

  • Anthrax outbreaks demonstrate high mortality, necessitating improved treatment strategies.
  • Understanding the specific effects of Bacillus anthracis toxins is critical for clinical management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare the physiological effects of anthrax edema toxin (ETx) and lethal toxin (LeTx) in a canine model.
  • To evaluate the combined effects of ETx and LeTx on mortality and physiological parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Infusion of edema toxin (ETx) and lethal toxin (LeTx) in sedated, mechanically ventilated canines over 96 hours.
  • Comparison of similarly lethal doses of ETx versus LeTx, followed by a study of LeTx combined with a nonlethal dose of ETx.

Main Results:

  • ETx was significantly less lethal than LeTx, with a shorter median time to death in non-survivors.
  • Both toxins decreased blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance, but ETx induced earlier diuresis and more pronounced vasodilation.
  • LeTx progressively reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and co-administration with ETx increased mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Edema toxin (ETx) and lethal toxin (LeTx) induce distinct pathophysiological responses, suggesting different supportive therapies for anthrax shock.
  • Development of toxin antagonists should consider targeting both ETx and LeTx for comprehensive treatment.