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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Intensity of Dose-Effect Relationship01:23

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Intensity of Dose-Effect Relationship

Pharmacodynamics explores the relationship between drug concentration and its effect. In a quantal response drug, the duration of action better correlates with drug concentration, while for graded effect drugs, the intensity of response is more relevant. This intensity depends on the dose, drug removal rate, and the region of the concentration–response curve.The concentration–response curve can be divided into three regions. Region 3 (80–100% maximum response) demonstrates that even as drug...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy01:22

Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy

The potency of a drug is the measure of its ability to produce a biological response and can be compared by looking at the half-maximum effective concentration or EC50 values of different drugs. A lower EC50 value indicates higher potency of the drug. In the dose–response curve of two antihypertensive drugs, candesartan and irbesartan, a significant difference is observed in their EC50 values. A lower EC50 value for candesartan indicates that it is more potent than irbesartan, as it produces...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Dose to Pharmacological Effect01:28

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Dose to Pharmacological Effect

A drug’s dosage and pharmacokinetic properties determine how quickly it acts, how intense its effects are, and how long it lasts. Higher doses increase drug concentration at receptor sites, producing a hyperbolic curve when pharmacologic response is plotted against drug dose. Converting this scale to a log-linear format results in a sigmoidal curve, better representing dose–response relationships.For drugs following a one-compartment model, the pharmacologic response is directly proportional to...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Cellular Adaptation II: Hypertrophy01:26

Cellular Adaptation II: Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy is the increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in the enlargement of a tissue or organ. Unlike hyperplasia, which involves an increase in cell number, hypertrophy is characterized by an increase in cell volume. This process often occurs in response to higher functional demand or hormonal stimulation, leading to the production of more structural proteins and organelles, thereby enhancing the cells' work capacity.There are two primary types of hypertrophy: physiological...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

In Ovo Feeding of Commercial Broiler Eggs: An Accurate and Reproducible Method to Affect Muscle Development and Growth
06:38

In Ovo Feeding of Commercial Broiler Eggs: An Accurate and Reproducible Method to Affect Muscle Development and Growth

Published on: September 20, 2021

Dose-Dependent Effects of Dihydronicotinamide Riboside on Human Engineered Skeletal Muscle Development.

Ashwin Venkateshvaran1,2, Swarang Sachin Pundlik1, Yavanica Suresh1

  • 1Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bengaluru 560065, India.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) shows biphasic effects on human skeletal muscle development. Moderate NRH levels enhance muscle differentiation, while high doses disrupt cellular organization and signaling pathways.

Keywords:
3D bioengineered skeletal muscle3D engineered skeletal muscle tissues technologyNAD+ metabolismmuscle differentiationtoxicological analysis

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Preclinical Drug Testing in Scalable 3D Engineered Muscle Tissues
08:07

Preclinical Drug Testing in Scalable 3D Engineered Muscle Tissues

Published on: April 7, 2023

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

In Ovo Feeding of Commercial Broiler Eggs: An Accurate and Reproducible Method to Affect Muscle Development and Growth
06:38

In Ovo Feeding of Commercial Broiler Eggs: An Accurate and Reproducible Method to Affect Muscle Development and Growth

Published on: September 20, 2021

Preclinical Drug Testing in Scalable 3D Engineered Muscle Tissues
08:07

Preclinical Drug Testing in Scalable 3D Engineered Muscle Tissues

Published on: April 7, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors are investigated for metabolic and longevity applications.
  • The effects of NAD+ precursors on human skeletal muscle development are not well understood.
  • Traditional 2D cell cultures and animal models have limitations in studying human muscle development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dose-dependent effects of dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) on human skeletal muscle development.
  • To utilize 3D engineered skeletal muscle tissues as a human-relevant model system.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic and toxic potential of NRH in muscle tissue.

Main Methods:

  • Developed 3D engineered skeletal muscle tissues from primary human myoblasts.
  • Exposed tissues to varying concentrations of NRH (25 μM and 500 μM).
  • Assessed myogenic differentiation, fusion, viability, sarcomeric organization, acetylcholine receptor clustering, calcium signaling, and gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Moderate NRH (25 μM) improved myogenic differentiation and fusion without impacting cell viability.
  • High NRH (500 μM) increased myotube number and fast-twitch fiber area but impaired sarcomeric structure and signaling.
  • Transcriptomic analysis at high NRH doses showed reduced expression of myogenesis and metabolic pathways.

Conclusions:

  • NRH exhibits biphasic effects on human skeletal muscle differentiation and maturation.
  • The study highlights the importance of dose in NRH's impact on muscle tissue.
  • 3D engineered muscle tissues provide a valuable platform for assessing NAD+ precursor effects in a human context.