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Related Concept Videos

Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State01:25

Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State

During the absorptive state, which lasts approximately four hours after a meal, the body absorbs nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. The carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids we consume are broken down into monosaccharides, amino acids, and free fatty acids for absorption. While carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed as-is, lipids are absorbed in their broken-down forms and then re-esterified into triglycerides within enterocytes before being packaged into chylomicrons. These absorbed...
Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Extraction of Aqueous Metabolites from Cultured Adherent Cells for Metabolomic Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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Comprehensive Metabolomic Analysis of Saliva Using SWATH-DIA Reveals Systemic Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise.

Maroof Athar Hashmi1,2, Diksha Gogia1,2, Nirpendra Singh1

  • 1Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bengaluru 560065, India.

ACS Omega
|June 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an advanced saliva metabolomics method using Zeno Sequential Window Acquisition All Theoretical Fragment-Ion Spectra (SWATH-DIA) for comprehensive analysis. The new approach enhances metabolite detection and reveals exercise-induced metabolic shifts, aiding in health monitoring.

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Published on: December 18, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Extraction of Aqueous Metabolites from Cultured Adherent Cells for Metabolomic Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
11:39

Extraction of Aqueous Metabolites from Cultured Adherent Cells for Metabolomic Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 9, 2019

Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
08:25

Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers

Published on: December 18, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Saliva offers a noninvasive method for monitoring physiological changes.
  • Conventional metabolomics tools have limitations in metabolite identification depth and reproducibility for capturing exercise-induced responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish and validate a Zeno Sequential Window Acquisition All Theoretical Fragment-Ion Spectra (SWATH-DIA)-based untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics workflow for salivary analysis.
  • To comprehensively profile and quantify salivary metabolites before and after physical exercise to investigate acute metabolic fluctuations.

Main Methods:

  • Collected saliva samples from 27 recreational runners pre- and post-5 km run.
  • Utilized Zeno SWATH-DIA LC-MS for untargeted metabolomics, enabling simultaneous acquisition of precursor and fragment ion spectra across a wide m/z range in both positive and negative ESI modes.
  • Applied multivariate statistical analyses (PCA, OPLS-DA) to differentiate metabolic profiles.

Main Results:

  • The Zeno SWATH-DIA method provided enhanced metabolite coverage, improved reproducibility, and reduced bias compared to traditional data-dependent acquisition (DDA).
  • Detected and validated a wide range of metabolites including lipids, amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, and short-chain carnitines.
  • Multivariate analyses showed clear separation between pre- and post-exercise samples, indicating significant metabolic shifts in carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid turnover, and nitrogen metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • Zeno SWATH-DIA saliva metabolomics is a robust and high-coverage approach for noninvasive assessment of acute metabolic responses to exercise.
  • This workflow provides a foundation for future studies integrating saliva metabolomics with performance, fatigue, and metabolic health monitoring.