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Related Concept Videos

Electrical Transport01:29

Electrical Transport

The electrical transport property of a material is defined by its resistance and conductivity. Resistance is the measure of a material's ability to resist the flow of electric current, while conductivity gauges its ability to allow the current to pass through, depending on the geometry of the measurement cell, such as electrode spacing and area. Conductivity is measured in Siemens (S). There are different types of conductance, including specific conductance, equivalent conductance, and molar...
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Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...
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Transport Number

The transport number is the fraction of the total current carried by an ion in an electrolyte solution. It is defined as the ratio of the current carried by a specific ion to the total current flowing through the solution. The transport number, t, is central to understanding ionic mobility, which describes how fast an ion moves under the influence of an electric field. This link connects the physical behavior of ions in solution to the chemical processes that occur during electrochemical...
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Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Electrochemical cells are systems that convert chemical energy into electrical energy or use electrical energy to drive chemical reactions. They consist of two electrodes in contact with an electrolyte, where redox reactions enable electron transfer. Most electrochemical cells include two half-cells connected by an external wire for electron flow and a salt bridge for ion flow. The salt bridge contains an electrolyte solution and maintains charge neutrality by allowing ions—not electrons—to...

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Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals
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Published on: August 15, 2018

Ferroelectric mobile water.

Yoshimichi Nakamura1, Takahisa Ohno

  • 1Computational Materials Science Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan. NAKAMURA.Yoshimichi@nims.go.jp

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|November 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created single-domain ferroelectric water at ambient conditions using carbon nanotubes. This novel ferroelectric water spontaneously transitions between mobile and immobile states, advancing our understanding of water

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Physical chemistry
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Proton-ordered water phases are typically studied at very low temperatures.
  • Ferroelectric water has largely been associated with ferroelectric ice.
  • Single-domain ferroelectric water has not been previously reported, even in ice nanotubes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the production and behavior of single-domain ferroelectric water.
  • To explore water's phase transitions and polarization dynamics under ambient conditions.
  • To challenge conventional temperature-dependent views of water's ordered structures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Employed carbon nanotubes open to a water reservoir.
  • Simulated conditions at ordinary ambient temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Successfully produced single-domain ferroelectric water at ambient conditions.
  • Observed spontaneous transitions between mobile and immobile water states.
  • Detected step-wise changes in the net polarization of water.
  • Demonstrated that immobile water can become mobile by transforming into ferroelectric water.

Conclusions:

  • Single-domain ferroelectric water can exist and exhibit dynamic behavior at ambient temperatures.
  • The study expands the understanding of water's properties beyond low-temperature ice phases.
  • Findings suggest a broader range of conditions under which proton-ordered water structures can form and persist.