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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery
05:39

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery

Published on: June 23, 2023

Avian analgesia.

Michelle G Hawkins1, Joanne Paul-Murphy

  • 1Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA. mghawkins@ucdavis.edu

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice
|November 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Providing effective pain relief for birds is crucial in avian medicine. Research is advancing avian analgesia, but species-specific needs require further investigation for safe and effective pain management in diverse bird populations.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery
05:39

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery

Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Avian Pharmacology
  • Animal Pain Management

Background:

  • Avian analgesia is essential for bird well-being during medical and surgical procedures.
  • Current pain management strategies often rely on extrapolated data from other companion animals.
  • Limited species-specific research exists for avian pain relief.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the growing importance of avian analgesia in veterinary practice.
  • To review existing research on analgesic drug efficacy in birds.
  • To emphasize the need for continued research into species-specific avian pain management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published research on avian analgesia.
  • Analysis of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data where available.
  • Consideration of the vast diversity among avian species and their potential responses to analgesics.

Main Results:

  • Several studies have begun to provide therapeutic information for avian analgesia.
  • Significant knowledge gaps remain due to the large number of avian species and their unique physiological characteristics.
  • Extrapolation of dosages from other species may not be universally applicable.

Conclusions:

  • Recognizing and treating pain in birds is a critical aspect of avian care.
  • Further research is imperative to develop tailored analgesic protocols for the approximately 10,000 known bird species.
  • Understanding species-specific PKs and PDs is key to advancing avian pain management.