Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 6, 2026
An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
Published on: May 26, 2020
Skeletal age in youth soccer players: implication for age verification
Robert M Malina1, Maria Eugenia Peña Reyes, Antonio J Figueiredo
1Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. rmalina@skyconnect.net
Objective:
To evaluate variation in skeletal age (SA) within single-year chronological age (CA) groups of soccer players aged 11 to 17 years in the context of using SA for age verification in age-group competitions.
Design:
Cross sectional.
Setting:
Regional and elite youth soccer programs.
Participants:
Five hundred ninety-two male players from Portugal and Spain.
Independent Variables:
Skeletal age assessed with the Fels method.
Main Outcome Measures:
Skeletal age and maturity status (late, average, early, or mature).
Results:
Chronological age and SA overlapped in players aged 11 to 12 years, but SA was advanced relative to CA in players aged 14 to 16 years. The majority of players between 11 and 12 years of age were on time in skeletal maturity and percentages of late and early maturers did not differ. The majority of players between 13 and 14 years of age were also on time, but early maturers were 4 times more frequent than late maturers. Percentages of late maturers were low among players aged 14 to 16 years. Among 200 players aged 15 to 16 years, 80 (40%) were advanced in SA by > 1 year and 27 (14%) were skeletally mature, whereas among 23 players aged 17 years, 9 (39%) were skeletally mature.
Conclusions:
Among adolescent soccer player, boys advanced in SA for CA are overrepresented and those later in SA for CA are underrepresented with increasing CA. If Fels SA was used to verify CA in this sample of youth for under-17 competition, 36 skeletally mature players aged 15 to 17 years (16%) would be disqualified. The results for this sample of male soccer players question the utility of SA or magnetic resonance imaging as a valid estimate of CA in youth sport competitions.
Related Concept Videos
01:09Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
01:29Bone Disorders
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...