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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes
11:52

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Published on: January 27, 2023

Osteoclasts in arthritis and Th17 cell development.

Kazuo Okamoto1, Hiroshi Takayanagi

  • 1Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.

International Immunopharmacology
|November 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) bone destruction involves osteoclast activation. Targeting interleukin-17 (IL-17) producing T helper 17 (Th17) cells, crucial for osteoclast stimulation, offers a potential therapeutic strategy for RA bone damage.

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Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity
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Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes
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Published on: January 27, 2023

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model
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Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity
10:10

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Osteoimmunology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by bone destruction, primarily driven by abnormal osteoclast activation.
  • Osteoimmunology, the study of skeletal and immune system interactions, is vital for treating bone and immune disorders.
  • Interleukin-17 (IL-17) producing T helper 17 (Th17) cells are implicated in RA pathogenesis by promoting osteoclast differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of IκBζ in the development of Th17 cells.
  • To explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting Th17 cells for RA-induced bone damage.

Main Methods:

  • The study focuses on the molecular mechanisms linking Th17 cells to osteoclast activation in RA.
  • Investigated the essential role of IκBζ in Th17 cell development.

Main Results:

  • Accumulating evidence suggests Th17 cells induce receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) expression, stimulating osteoclast activity.
  • A recent study identified IκBζ as essential for Th17 cell development.

Conclusions:

  • Inhibition of Th17 cells presents a promising therapeutic avenue for mitigating bone damage in RA.
  • Understanding the role of IκBζ advances the comprehension of RA pathogenesis and potential treatments.