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Related Concept Videos

Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Proliferative Phase01:20

Proliferative Phase

The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...
Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Performing Vaginal Lavage, Crystal Violet Staining, and Vaginal Cytological Evaluation for Mouse Estrous Cycle Staging Identification
09:01

Performing Vaginal Lavage, Crystal Violet Staining, and Vaginal Cytological Evaluation for Mouse Estrous Cycle Staging Identification

Published on: September 15, 2012

Follicular progesterone levels decrease during the period of seasonal infertility in sows.

M Bertoldo1, P K Holyoake, G Evans

  • 1Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia. m.bertoldo@usyd.edu.au

Reproduction in Domestic Animals = Zuchthygiene
|November 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Seasonal infertility in sows is linked to lower progesterone in follicular fluid during summer. Ovarian morphology also changes seasonally, suggesting a mechanism for reduced reproductive performance.

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Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model
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Performing Vaginal Lavage, Crystal Violet Staining, and Vaginal Cytological Evaluation for Mouse Estrous Cycle Staging Identification
09:01

Performing Vaginal Lavage, Crystal Violet Staining, and Vaginal Cytological Evaluation for Mouse Estrous Cycle Staging Identification

Published on: September 15, 2012

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model
06:49

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model

Published on: April 7, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Animal science
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Domestic sows exhibit impaired reproductive performance during late summer and early autumn, a phenomenon known as seasonal infertility.
  • This seasonal infertility impacts swine production efficiency and necessitates understanding its underlying physiological mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate seasonal variations in ovarian morphology and follicular steroidogenesis in domestic sows.
  • To determine if observed changes are associated with the mechanisms of seasonal infertility in sows.

Main Methods:

  • Ovaries were collected from sows slaughtered 4 days post-weaning during winter and summer from two different farms.
  • Progesterone concentrations in follicular fluid (FF) from small and large follicles were measured.
  • The number of follicles of various sizes (small, large, pre-ovulatory) on the ovarian surface was quantified.

Main Results:

  • Lower mean progesterone concentrations were found in both small and large follicular fluid during summer compared to winter (p<0.001).
  • Farm A sows showed a higher number of large antral and small follicles in summer, while Farm B sows had more small follicles in winter.
  • Farm B sows also exhibited a higher number of pre-ovulatory follicles (>8 mm) in winter compared to summer (p<0.001).

Conclusions:

  • Significant seasonal differences exist in follicular steroidogenesis and ovarian dynamics in domestic sows.
  • Altered follicular steroidogenesis and ovarian morphology are likely mechanisms contributing to reduced reproductive performance during seasonal infertility.