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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Arthroscopic Excision of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts Using a Double Posteromedial Approach

Arthroscopic Excision of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts Using a Double Posteromedial Approach

Published on: October 20, 2023

Landau-Levich menisci.

M Maleki¹, M Reyssat, F Restagno

¹IASBS, P.O. Box 45195-1159, Zanjan 45195, Iran.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

|November 25, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how dynamic menisci form when plates interact with liquid baths. We precisely measured film thickness and meniscus shape, observing unique buckling behavior during plate withdrawal.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Arthroscopic Excision of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts Using a Double Posteromedial Approach

Arthroscopic Excision of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts Using a Double Posteromedial Approach

Published on: October 20, 2023

Area of Science:

Fluid dynamics
Surface science
Interfacial phenomena

Background:

The Landau-Levich-Derjaguin theory describes liquid film entrainment by a withdrawing plate.
A dynamic meniscus forms at the liquid surface, dictating the entrained film thickness.
Understanding meniscus behavior is crucial for controlling thin film deposition.

Purpose of the Study:

To accurately measure the thickness of liquid films entrained by a moving plate.
To characterize the shape of the dynamic meniscus under different conditions.
To investigate modifications in meniscus shape when reversing the plate's motion.

Main Methods:

Precise measurement of entrained film thickness using reflectometry.
Characterization of the dynamic meniscus shape.
Experimental observation of meniscus behavior during plate withdrawal and penetration.

Main Results:

The dynamic meniscus was observed to decay exponentially towards the entrained film.
Accurate film thickness measurements were obtained.
Reversing the plate motion (penetration) induced a 'buckling' of the dynamic meniscus, forming a stationary wavy profile.

Conclusions:

The dynamic meniscus shape is critical in determining entrained film thickness.
Meniscus behavior differs significantly between withdrawing and penetrating plates.
The 'buckling' phenomenon offers new insights into interfacial dynamics and potential applications in coating processes.