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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...

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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination

Published on: June 25, 2014

Incretin-based therapy and type 2 diabetes.

Kristine J Hare¹, Filip K Knop

¹Diabetes Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine F, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.

Vitamins and Hormones

|November 25, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Incretin hormones like GLP-1 and GIP offer new therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes. These agents, including incretin mimetics and DPP4 inhibitors, improve glycemic control and beta-cell function.

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A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination

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Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Pharmacology
Metabolic Diseases

Background:

Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and dysregulated glucagon, leading to hyperglycemia and complications.
Current treatments often fail to achieve glycemic goals due to declining beta-cell function and side effects like hypoglycemia and weight gain.
Incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), enhance insulin secretion and have protective effects on beta-cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the therapeutic potential of incretin hormones (GLP-1 and GIP) for type 2 diabetes treatment.
To review the physiological effects of incretins and the development of incretin-based therapies.
To discuss the clinical experience and future expectations of incretin mimetics and DPP4 inhibitors.

Main Methods:

Review of physiological actions of GLP-1 and GIP.
Analysis of the development and scientific basis of incretin mimetics and DPP4 inhibitors.
Examination of clinical data and patient outcomes for incretin-based therapies.

Main Results:

GLP-1 and GIP potentiate meal-induced insulin secretion and exhibit trophic effects on beta-cells.
GLP-1 also reduces glucagon secretion, suppresses appetite, and food intake.
Two classes of drugs, incretin mimetics and DPP4 inhibitors, have been approved for type 2 diabetes treatment.

Conclusions:

Incretin-based therapies offer a promising approach to managing type 2 diabetes, addressing limitations of traditional treatments.
Incretin mimetics and DPP4 inhibitors provide effective glycemic control with potential benefits for beta-cell function.
Further research and clinical experience will shape the future role of incretin-based therapies in diabetes management.