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Related Concept Videos

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions01:16

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions

Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it undergoes a discontinuity. The electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. The amount by which the field changes at any boundary is given by the difference between the field components above and below the surface boundary.
The surface integral of an electric field is given by Gauss's law in integral form and is related to...
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics01:27

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics

When an electric field passes from one homogeneous medium to another, crossing the boundary between the two mediums imparts a discontinuity in the electric field. This results in electrostatic boundary conditions that depend on the type of mediums the field propagates through.
Consider a case where both the mediums across a boundary are two different dielectric materials. Recall that the electric field and electric displacement are proportional and related through the material's permittivity.
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
Induced Electric Fields: Applications01:27

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor01:24

Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor

To calculate the inductance of a solid cylindrical conductor, consider a 1-meter section of a non-magnetic, current-carrying conductor with radius r. Disregarding end effects and assuming uniform current density, Ampere's law helps determine the magnetic field inside the conductor. This law states that the magnetic field intensity H is concentric and constant within the conductor.
Given the uniform current distribution, the magnetic field Hx and flux density Bx inside the conductor are...
Calculation of Self-inductance01:29

Calculation of Self-inductance

The self-inductance of a circuit, often simply called the inductance, is a purely geometric factor that depends only on the circuit component's structure. More specifically, it depends on the shape and size of the component that lets the flux pass through it, thus inducing an electric field that opposes any current passing through it.
Since the effect of the induced electric field and the back EMF generated depends on the rate of change of current and the self-inductance, the inductance...

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Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
14:31

Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees

Published on: July 15, 2009

Multilayer limb quasi-static electromagnetic modeling with experiments for Galvanic coupling type IBC.

S H Pun1, Y M Gao, P A Mou

  • 1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Av. Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macau, China. lodge@mail.eee.umac.mo

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
|November 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Intra-body communication (IBC) offers advantages for body area networks. An improved model and in-vivo experiments enhance understanding of IBC on human limbs.

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Electric and Magnetic Field Devices for Stimulation of Biological Tissues
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Electric and Magnetic Field Devices for Stimulation of Biological Tissues

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Published on: May 15, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Communication Systems
  • Human Body Networks

Background:

  • Intra-body communication (IBC) leverages human tissues for short-range networking.
  • IBC presents potential benefits over traditional wireless methods for body area networks (BANs/BSNs).
  • Existing models may not fully capture the complexities of signal propagation within human tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an enhanced mathematical model for IBC on human limbs.
  • To incorporate electrical properties and tissue proportions into the IBC model.
  • To validate the model through analytical solutions and in-vivo experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a four-layer analytical model (skin, fat, muscle, bone) for human limb IBC.
  • Included tissue electrical properties and proportions in the model.
  • Conducted in-vivo experiments to compare with model predictions.

Main Results:

  • The improved mathematical model provides a more accurate representation of IBC.
  • Analytical solutions were derived for the four-layer human limb system.
  • In-vivo experimental data validated the model's predictions.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model enhances the understanding of IBC signal propagation.
  • This research contributes to the development of efficient and secure body area networks.
  • The findings support the advancement of human body-based communication technologies.