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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Controversies in gestational diabetes.

Christopher J Nolan1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Canberra Hospital, Australian National University Medical School, ACT, Australia. christopher.nolan@anu.edu.au

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|December 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) management effectively reduces adverse perinatal outcomes. However, its long-term impact on maternal and infant metabolic health remains uncertain, necessitating further research.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Perinatal Medicine

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes like large-for-gestational age infants and pre-eclampsia.
  • Current GDM management, including diagnosis at 24-28 weeks and standard interventions, reduces immediate perinatal complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding and ongoing controversies in gestational diabetes mellitus management.
  • To discuss the effectiveness of GDM management on long-term maternal and infant metabolic health.
  • To explore new diagnostic criteria, risk stratification tools, and therapeutic targets in GDM.

Main Methods:

  • Review of major studies and international consensus statements on GDM.
  • Discussion of evidence regarding perinatal outcomes and long-term metabolic risks.
  • Consideration of diagnostic timing, risk calculators, and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Hyperglycemia in GDM is unequivocally associated with adverse perinatal outcomes.
  • Standard GDM management demonstrably reduces these immediate adverse outcomes.
  • The long-term effects of GDM management on maternal and infant metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are largely unknown.

Conclusions:

  • While current GDM interventions improve perinatal health, their long-term benefits require further investigation.
  • New diagnostic criteria and risk stratification tools may refine GDM care.
  • Randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are essential to resolve remaining controversies in GDM management.