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Related Concept Videos

Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...
Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...
Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Stem cell ageing and non-random chromosome segregation.

Gregory W Charville1, Thomas A Rando

  • 1Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|December 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Adult stem cells use asymmetric division to maintain tissues. Non-random chromosome segregation may sustain stem cell function but could also accelerate aging by accumulating DNA damage.

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Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Published on: December 6, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Gerontology
  • Molecular and Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Adult stem cells are crucial for tissue maintenance and repair throughout an organism's life.
  • Age-related decline in tissue function is linked to diminished stem cell regenerative capacity.
  • Understanding stem cell maintenance mechanisms is key to addressing age-related pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore asymmetric division mechanisms sustaining adult stem cell fitness.
  • To investigate the role of non-random chromosome segregation in stem cell aging.
  • To analyze the impact of biased chromosome partitioning on stem cell replicative and chronological aging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical frameworks for asymmetric cell division.
  • Synthesis of experimental evidence on non-random chromosome segregation.
  • Analysis of DNA segregation patterns in relation to DNA template age.

Main Results:

  • Asymmetric division, specifically non-random chromosome segregation, is a key mechanism for adult stem cell maintenance.
  • Biased chromosome segregation may compartmentalize DNA synthesis errors, preserving stem cell replicative potential.
  • This segregation mechanism might also contribute to replication-independent DNA damage, accelerating chronological aging.

Conclusions:

  • Non-random chromosome segregation is a critical, yet potentially double-edged, sword in stem cell aging.
  • This process influences both the maintenance of stem cell function and the rate of cellular aging.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the consequences of biased chromosome segregation for tissue aging and longevity.